                       ˿µϣ20041102գ

04.11.02, ӡˣиĳѧ漣
04.11.02, Ȼ˷Ƿ
04.11.02, ձܾ߷֡ɡ
04.11.02, artistEnlightenѧԺЦ
04.11.02, jiajiahڱһţƤ
04.11.02, ˴աУԺˡÿӵɴ
04.11.02, ˴աǡڱչ߽ѧиС
04.11.02, xiangjķ顪ɿԹֲᡵ
04.11.02, ˹̸͡ŹڼԾ
04.11.02, ţҽѧѧλ
04.11.02, APʧһѡ

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                ˣиĳѧ漣

                       ӡ

    728գΰѧ֮һDNA˫ṹĹͬ߿
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    λⶨDNAṹˣʱȴDNAҪԣDNAϸи
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ӵĽṹ˿гɹ˶ѡ˵Ŀǡ
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Ϊ˷ѧرǿˣΪѧȷ
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ᡣ1961꣬˵ɾŴѧ֤˵1
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شĹס1970ΪѧĻⶼѽ
ѧоҲ뷦ζġѧʱڣǸĶ̽һδ֪
ʶҲһܺϺ߼ѡΪҪо߾˼
ñ˻õݣͽģ⡣

    Ҳдϵıҵд·ѧоԭǳ·⡣
ǰѧоҪѧоԾö࣬Ҳöࡣǵ
ûжǵǰҪѧһ׳־
ˣѧҲѷǳ죬͹˿ʿ¸Ĳ
ʱڡŵĳ֣վֻһֵĿѧ漣

2004.10.14.

򡷰¿2004.21

(XYS20041102)

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˷Ƿ

JZNature, Volume 422, Issue 69313, p 456, April 2003
˼ѧ־20044

ȫĿѧҺףһԶķʮʱ
һһսԵ̽̽Ȼûɣ
ȴҲֵףġ

ŵһܹʹı¼˲ʱ䣬ܹߴ
ԶԶ֮Ӱ͵λЩֵλӰѧߣܶ
ڵĻҵͶʡȽ
ǣĳ߻ָŵͬԭ
ĿѧڽпԵҵ˹˾Ǻ֮һ
ĸDNA֮ļʮԼ츳תƵһεĿѧ
֮̽ϣоʶĸԴԡ

ȻҵصԷ˶ķӻԭ
ԵĹףڹȥĶʮܸ˵ط漰֪񾭿
ѧ಻ͬ¡͵һ񾭿ѧҺרԵĹ
ԽṹоƩ磬ΪһӶԻشΪʲô
Ҫ˯һ⡪ĽṹҪԵĽи¡
񾭽о״Ϳ˹򡤿ʷӾ
ʶдо¡رأʶ񾭹о
һġ˵ļ˵еһӣĳɺɫҽ
ĳЩضԪ/ӾĳЩضı֡

˸ոհעת񾭿ѧʱ򣬶ʶѧ
ԶԶ㲻ѧҰʶǶռأֻżȻ
øѧңѧͨä˻Բ˵о
ȫµʶ񾭿ѧڸĿѧԼҲ
Ϊжٳɹʮΰѧң׶Űɣ
ͺƣʶĿѧ̽ǲܵģ۵ڵ񾭿ѧ
ﻹ˼֡

ϵ

Ȼţղķ˹ɭӵû
˹˿ǫ顱ţ˴ٽ
ʶ񾭿ѧĽϡܶΰ˼о˵ʶĿѧǰ
أûϸش񾭿ѧǡӵԪѧһֱ֪ѧ
񾭿ѧΪκιʶĻѧ۴ʵԵݡ

ͨشһȷĻԭ⣬˴߻һѧ
ֶʶչоʱҲͨƵĵİ취Ҫ趨һǡ⡣
ֹ۸ʶһ׼ȷĶ壬˺ͬǼжӾ
оӾྭϾĵĵλöģ
оģνͻ֡ʣǲȡ˵һ
ԸԣضԪȺĻӦضʶļ衣

񾭿ѧȻȱܹٻݵоߣ
ЩӰ컹̫硣Ȼ㹻ʵĻ
Ϊһսɥ֪ĳرжٰٷֱȵ
ԪӾܵʱӦԶԶģǱҵǣڵĵ
ЩԪǴ̼ʹ̼ǵԪȻǲ֤֤Ӿ
ǴƤ߼ĹܵĹ۵㡣Ȼ񾭿ѧڲϵƽ
мӦ÷Χҿ˲ϢǱزٵĵһ
ˣȻ˶񾭹ǿĳѾȥչµķ
ش⣬߼⡣




һ񾭿ѧȱǿ۶ܵ𺦡ǶͬҪ
ԵܱضҪµļ裬Ȼ񾭿ѧȴ͹ƺ̫
Ҫͬʱܹܵؽһ۵̫١ܶ
˾ã̫Ϊĳض֪һƺ񾭽ͣҪȥ
һԵֻ֧̫ˡ˺ͬ³
ʶۿܣǾָһӣʵʵ鹤
߳ԺΪһܱ֤ġĹ¡

ҪöʶĽ͵ǳǳʩ롰
ʳƷ෴á˵ļ˵Ѷʶ񾭿ѧо
ܹĹڡһԺ;ͳһ۴һ󲿷ֶ
ǷȺһսԵĹҪҪ׿ԽҪ


˹ȥĺüĹʶѧĹ۵
ΪһͳһǢۣ෴Ƕܵ̽񾭿
ѧȥѵĿ⡣һλŵߣŷġѦͬ
´߳ˡʲô⣻ʲô
ʶ⣬ݻ֮ͬڹ͡˵
⽫ɴѧѧת

˶񾭿ѧȽожָĳӶ
ǷŶʶϽĿѧоֵõġ
ȥϣȥԤڣʶ⽫ѵطڿѧ֮ڡ

(XYS20041102)

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̧߸Թ ԺϵʦȨ    
  ܾ߷֡ɡ    

2004-11-2ձ
人111ר磩    
    ߣⳤ

1031գ2005˶ʿоϱֹա磬ϱ人
ѧѴﵽ30700ˡ˷Դֳ̨µ
Ȩش룬߿ռܷ50¼ȡƣѧУߣת
ԺϵȷԺϵɽƾԳɼȡ߿¼ȡʸо
ԺԺҶ˵߷ֿţԺ󽫼ֲ֡

ʵ»󿼲ܴ¼δ䶨ֱоĸϢ
ʱ۷׷סͬ˵˾١ΨΨǾ٣
߳ƣһ¼ȡɵʦ˵㣬󽫺ѷֹšķ

ѡ֡

人ѧѧĸĸΪȡоģ
ȫУһֱףߴ4500ˡ

Ȼǰһ²ҲѾ⡣ÿ󣬶
ڵоԺԹԼеġ״ԪȴǸ߷ֵܵġɡ
ѧԺΪ֮꣬Գɼ450ϵġţˡҲʼ
룬ȥԺһԺʿеоʵʹöᣬϽڲ
Ѫ

ΪֳЦһԱ֮ӦԽģʽ쵽о
СҶ˵ûУǵصѵ棿и
¾νĿʦѨΪһҵ
ʱѧУеĸ߷ѧжп˲أ

ǣʦԹео¼ƣʵǡѡ֡
¡ģܶԽѧУѧУҲ
νġлءѧأУĵǸ߿ʧߣ
ûϵǹͬŬǾǿʤߡڼ䣬Щѧɶ
ҲûѧֻһСӦԣһУʼߡ

ʦ˵㡱

人ѧĸϢ󲻾ãѧվ˿
һƪΪʵ֤йоƶȸĸ
ߡ޷̵˵ĸһ֤йоƶ
ĸߡҪ䷢ɹҪ뱱
ΪⷽʵҪꡣ

Ǹʵ»󿼲¼еĵìͷ
ָԺϵʦȨܿܵйвĲƽͰ
人ѧĸĸʹⳡо˭˵ۣȼս
Ƹ͡

ĳԺڶʿΪڵǰ޷žܵĴ󻷾£ó
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ֵߣͬʱҲбԿɳ֮Ч빫ƽĳ̶ֳϲɼã
¹ؿǰ;˵ϣƽȡЧʡϾ
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    217˶ʿ㣬2000˶ʿʦӴˣȻʲôСΪ
ѧԺʿʦҶУϵʦдڼߣǣ
žʦǾ߱ѧºѧĵġ

ѧ߲ʥͽȫƶǱŵΨһҶн
˵Ŀǰ人ѧʩй淶ȣϸԵʦ
Ա޳Щ͹ϵеĵʦΣԴʵ޼
ͶƱɼĿҪ㹻࣬ʹпԤ
Ȼ֪⣬ڳǩҲлУģ¼ȫ̹
͸ſܵõЧල¼ȡܷԡԡܷ
ڵһʱ乫ĳЩʱ䡣

Ҫһº׷͡Ҷ˵һΥѧУ
ؽд΢ģҲҪȡһڵ˶ʿʦʸ
һ˲ԼѧѧλԸʶ䣬·ؽ׷Ī

Ȼڻƽо¼ĸѾ˻򰵵
Ʃ磬¼͸һҪҲоԺǰҪ
ʮѧԺġȻʹ˽죬һѧԺҲ
ѡڸѧԺӵءĸУоԺȨϿɡ

ʶĸ۷41Ҷڽܲɷʱ
˵ΪһɫѧߣҴӸԺλ
ѧҲ֮󡣡

(XYS20041102)

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ѧԺЦ

artist

ãλҽһ

ΪһҪ̣41ҿ˾ѧԺн5Ԫ50Ԫ
ȼƸһѧѧԺҵĽ4000Ӧ5µ
600ҵƸһգ41ҵֻܡԤ꼶Уѧ
----- й걨2002610ͷ
(http://www.xfuedu.org/zhuye/fenye/huihuanglicheng/word/59.htm)

ǲ˵2002ıҵ100%ˣ


Ժ2003ҵҵãݾҵָͳƣ612գԺ
2003ҵҵѴ95.8% ---- 2003612 ҵ챨
(http://www.xfuedu.org/zhuye/fenye/jiuyexinxi/jiuyekuaixun/8.htm)

ãǶĹ𣡹40-50нġŮ2003Ҳñҵˣ
ֻ벻мһˣûٱNнıҵȥ40-50ëëˡ
롣

ֹ1218գȫԺɹҵ 1176 ˣҵΪ 20.3%Գȥͬˮƽ
----- 20031218 ҵ챨
(http://www.xfuedu.org/zhuye/fenye/jiuyexinxi/jiuyekuaixun/6.htm)

WHAT 2003ֻ20.3%ҵȻ2002ǿ 20.3% >100% 
Һװܲ20.3%ĳ203%ƴˡ
ĺҵȥǰɡ

MSFTWORDĶ

ȥhttp://www.xfuedu.org/zhuye/Eglish/index.htm
Eglish(Ķ) ԭCOPYWORDһ飬
һ
enjoringproivate schools棡
ƱEglishҳҲˡ

ഴҵϻػ֤ͼ²PHOTOSHOPдֲ
WORD/SPELLING-CHECKǺεȵӰ 

Enlighten

ıҵǣ

ҶӶЦʹˡ

ΪõĻȥѧУӢҳúøĸİɡÿҳдЩκ
ҳһԵġƴᣬòĪǻĵҵ
ģ˭ӢϵӢĸĴԭĲСĵѧУܸȥˣ

Ͻ˵Ǻڿ͸ɵġ

jhuang

Ӧ⳥ѧ"ഺʧ"

ѧǿ϶˸ѧģȻЩѧһָѧӢϣ
ѧѧҲãѧˣѧѧľպҲȵ""Ǯʵڣ
ҲһЩ

ѧԺҳϵҽ

 A brief introduction to Xi'an FANYI University

 Our college was sponsored by Xi`an Translators institute and was 
established formally with the ratification of Shanxi Provincial 
Education Commission. Our college is Xi`an translators training 
college which is qualified to issue training credentials.
Of the over 800 faculty members including full-time and party-time 
teachersthe teachers with medium and high titles take up 80% and 
there are about 20 foreign teachers.
There are more than 20 majors in different institutions and 
departments taught by expertsadvisers of doctors and masters 
professors and associate professors enjoring special allowence of 
State Council.1300 full-time administrators are responsible for the 
strict management over 30000 boarders in college.
For 15 yearsof all the 20000 graduatesabout 3000 went abroad for 
further study or for jobs.
The campus covers an are of 1202850squ.m.1002375squ.m is their 
own earth. The schoolbuildings have an area of 400000squ.m. They 
have accumulated private property of over 0.5billion RMB for our 
country.Professor Ding Zuyithe founder of our college and member of 
the Standing Committee of Shanxi
Prolitical Consultative Conference once saidThe students who have 
failed in the college entrance examination are just like wafer at 
70-80. Given one more chance to further study in a private college 
they will possibly become higher vocational personnel. They are also 
the future and hope of our country and so I call it-the Second Project 
Hope. China Youth produced a report entitledDing Zuyi and His 
Second Project Hope",covering the whole fourth editition of July1,1997. 
President DingZuyi published some papers such as About the Situation 
of Chinese Private Colleges,"Develop Private High Education to 
Promote West Development","WTO and Chinese Private Higher 
Education"and so onat the international seminar of Beijing proivate 
schools, the annual meeting of Chinese Scientific and Technological 
Association in 2000 and at the Western Forum of China. In these papers
he deeply states a new theory-students are the main part of private 
higher educationthe number of students in private college is 
increasing day by day and they will become main force in Chinese human 
resource pool in the 21st century. It reflects his sincere feeling for 
students.
Professor Ding Zuyi was praised asSon of the EastandAsian 
Celebrity. In 2002Shanxi Higher Education Association awarded him 
as Educationalist in Private Education.

(XYS20041102)

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ڱһţƤ

jiajiah

ѧԺĹٷվhttp://www.xfuedu.org/zhuye/fenye/yzfc/yztb5.html
˶Ժһ"".ԭĺͼ:

"Ժ벿Ժ쵼Ӧô¸绪(vengouver)г,Զ󿼲ôߵȽ
,Ǣ̸йغѧ,Ϊһ羡ౡ֮"

Ҫʹӷӵе֪λѧԺĶԺ,Ӣˮƽֻƽƽ,һ滳
ԼǲǼǴ˵.,vengouverʲô? ¸绪ӢĲVancouver? 
Ĵ,Щûȥô,Ҳûܹʲôг˵,Ȼ.
ҶԺ,ټһѧԺͷͷ,гʢ,VancouverĻ԰Ҳ
˲"ٻӰ",ô˼ҳеָ?Ĵδ̫˵ȥ˰?

Ȼ˵г,"벿Ժ쵼"һȥ,ôյʱԺһ?
ѵVancouverг̫,""ĶԺ?  

ǻ"Զ󿼲ôߵȽ,Ǣ̸йغѧ,Ϊ
һ羡ౡ֮"? ôܴƬ￴,Զô? ֻ
Ժԡżô캣,ڻŽ,ȴ˿ôĸѧ--
ŵ--İӰ.

ڱôӣеǰʱࡣΪ˽Ϊ
ʵʵûжԺҲ֪˽Ƭô;Ļ
԰Ӱóųͳ룬Զ󿼲족
ߣΪйһ羡ౡ֮ҲܴйôʵĹ
ء

У,뵽ǰЩʱȫعȲ,ĸ׶ĵ"ٻ
ٽѹƬ".ССҩ,ų"йҽоԺ","ע޸Ѫѹҽѧ
"ϱƳ.Ҳ"Asia Medical Conference of Hypertension"Ƿص,GO
OGLE,ȴʵ޷ҵκιע"ĻϢ. ҩƬЧ׼
ĺϵҲʵɻ󡣽ǣйҽоԺվϿ˹ڴ
ðƷıҥ

йļðƷ֮࣬ùƭо ֪һЩġ
ýΩͼ٣ΪƭƲҲʹϧֻ֮࣬ε̾һ
顱 Ȼ綡УڸߵȽ޼ɵƾ䣬õͼֶ
۴ƭȡ棬ȻԵóѵģȴʵ𾪲ѣŭѡ

(XYS20041102)

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˴ա

Уwww.52xfu.comԺ˰

ǰизӵߵġ걨֮ĳУ
໥ᣬ׫̳ɢԺԺԺٴλ
ۣڮԺȫ˫ɣ߼֮ĵ˼ά֮ң
֮ն֮޲ЦԷǡΪؽӵԭ
luuxunĵһ£

ÿӵɴ

luuxun

ӺҲݷĳ˴ͷпƴŴѧʿ⻷
īˮǺŸվ׫˵ˣѧҵͬʷ
˿˷廪ѧѧ̳֮åս
ֱר㻨թǷᡱ޳֮ݽȨ϶ĳ
ϵйİ˸ѵ֣ݷĳ˰̾԰վй
⡱뾳ܵ½ĺѡ

һӯĳǰ׼УͶ
Ժͼٴμ˷ĺ˵ͼ԰ܾ֮ɵ
ʥͬ赲뺽ĸĹǰ

Ƕ˳ª֮ģǶȹ֮
ڮٵģӣĳ

ԭģ

ѧԺԺĹЦ

ڡ׷١ѡй𾴴ѧУСšһָ
ųƸݡɼʱѡй𾴴ѧУС
áɼʱļţӢġԭ塱һͨӢĵй
йʽӢαġΪñ˾ȵذѧԺԺڱ
аһ߾ѧԺϾûȷ֤뵽ȥ
ѧԺվ顣    Ȼվһžǡʮ
ߵȽйѧУа񡱲ҸСӢֵ֤һʽݵ
ƬʾѧԺУյ֤飬ʾʵͯۡϧ
ͼƬ̫С򱨵Դעǡ2004102617:41:38
УȻǰյͬһ䷢֤飬Ϊ
ѧԺվ200466վͷһʢĵĹʵ ΪȲ
ѧԺԺڱѧԺ佱ʢվС
ἰԺȰ츱ΡЭȫίԱίԱḱΰ
ʹΪԺ䷢ˡʮݸߵȽˡй׼
ֵоѧߵԺУ𾴵йѧУ 
֤顣ͬһ죬Ժ˶ǰϹ
йϹЭ᳤ʹġ
񡯡ݽܳʿ֤޽ܳʿ
԰񡯵л񹲺͹⽻Ҹ
СƼΪԺ䷢ˡӢߵȽίԱᡯġӢ
ɾͽӢĴõʡ
´⽻˾˾ƽԺ䷢ˡôʼ
ίԱᡱڵġй½ѧ֤顣    Ӣ
ôҲ˽⣬Ҳȥ˵˵Щų
ν񡱡ݽܳʿ֤޽
ʿ԰񡱵ʵûȤȥɣ
Ϊ䷢ǵطĳ湤Ȳκε
飬ֻҪ룬Ͷ裬㡣㹦
һװϷõġ񡱳ƺҪȶԺöࡣ

ĳΪ˱ĳַ
⣬֮һ˱ʵ飬޷ʵԵ
趡 4ԶʵԲȤһʴƴӮʹ
Ӯܵս֮Ի𣬷ĳſڴƻƶƣ
ĳزٹʼ˵һ޻һеֻҪǸˣ
Ҫõ㣻֮ƻľĳΪ
СǴöض֮ƣ֪Ľٻ
ĳƺʱĳд˹èһ

ֵһģֻʣ¡ʮݸߵȽˡˡ
ڡ׷١ѡй𾴴ѧУСšһָ
УôȻҲУǹԺȰ츱
֤䷢˶ԺƬΪ֤ô£
йĹԺȰʲôϵΪʲôҪͨ䷢Һ
Щ֤®ɽĿҼˡ

˰죬ĳڿʼˣ䷢Ҳж֮֮һ
ӶֻۣûһƲƵԣ50޸ߵȽ˼
УΪʹĳ𡰻׻ѡ
ĵʡĳҰѻļɹȴɽ
һΪ֪˻ɹйԶ󣬿͹۴Ҳգ
Ҳգȫƾĳ粻֮ƻˡ֮һǹ˵״治
δ֤Уȴìͷָ䷢ˣƺ50˵
˳Դ䷢׾ٵ֤˷ĳĹ硣ﲻһ
½ĵķĳĳݲýͷ쵽Ȧʳȴƫƫر
붡ϲ6ʽ뺯ļߣȴƫƫ©˰
й⽻˾ίйΪ䷢ĵ紫ĳӣ

ѧԺվһĿСԺ١ŶԺõ
ֹԡȫԡطһǡ50ݽ
ߵԺУ𾴵йѧУ֤顱ӣ
֤ƬͼƬķֱʲߣǵʻ϶Աϵó    
֤ϷһģͳӡĻ£ֻܱߵֻ˻
ơU.S.A. FIFTY STATE HIGHER EDUCATION UNIONѾ˵
ĻӢȻǸġ50ݽˡֱӢ
ĵģúţгӢˮƽٸ֪STATEһʸø

֤ݣṩķ룬˵дǣУ𾴵й
ѧУߵԺУ֤йѧԺڱУΪ
У𾴵йѧУ


ٿ֤ϵӢԭģЦԭһֲģճ£
THE VENERABLE PRESIDENT OF UNIVERSITY PRIVATE UNIVERSITY IN CHINA 
After a survey of American colleges, Professor Dingzuyi, the president 
of Xi-an fanyi university is acknowledged to be the venerable 
president of college run by the local people in China.
Chairman ǩ 2004.5.31
û䷢һš׼ֵУойѧ֤顱
˵ǡйѧоȷѧԺΪ׼ֵ
УойѧԭΪ
CERTIFICATE FOR THE FIRST STUDY-WORTHY INSTITUTE PRIVATE 
UNIVERSITY IN CHINA

After a deliberation of the colleges run by the local people in 
China,Xi-an fanyi university is acknowledged to be the first 
study-worthy by American Colleges.


Chairman ǩ 2004.5.31


֤ıⶼȫ֤ͨйʽӢġҲ
ָԺӦд֤ԵøģһЩʹӢ
ѧҲѿ֤鶼еһͼרʡXi-an fanyi 
universityеÿһʵĵһĸûôдʽӢо
ԲӦóִʽӢУʾʱ·ӦӢģ
Ӧȫð֣ȫð֣Ҳ
2004.5.31йʽıʾ,ʽıʾǡ//ꡱ,
֤ȻǸֻгӢˮƽй˱ġ֤Ҳʵ̫
ҵˣҲ跨һƵ֤«ҸӢ΢һ
׽

̫ŵĹŲĳﲻϧī֤ҧĽֵֽʾ
˷ĳѧ˼ĵĹףץס֤мٵ֤һ
˫񣬺ò⣡˲й淶мĳװ˹ʽӢظ
дڵʲѡͳпٳʲǲʲѡ
ѡοйĴѧйΪβйפ
¹ݳԱͨйĻˣĳһʧǰ㣿

ԺԭΪ繫˾ѧ鳤ʯѧԺ
Σ1987ºѧԺھ˵Ѿ3Уѧ
ѧһ68008300Ԫڿ֤̫֮ͬЩѧˣ
֪ѧʲô

(ܲѧ跽ĳӹǣҪ8ѧӺ16
˵㣬68008300Ԫѧѽ֮ѧƺͱ
ѧʵС׼ףĳᣡ

ѧԺԳйġ𡱣ԺõĹУһ
20043£ڱڱѧѧԺ衮ܳʦ
ƺţһǱѧ⻪ѧԺԺݡ
Ժ2003ѻ٣ꣷ£գڱӦ
ѧҽʣٻѧԺġܳʦ
ƺšĪǶԺùιѧԺܳʦƺţԺû
֤ɨԵʶ֪Ӣԭʲô

ĳǲӽˮĸļ򱨵ʾڣ
ꣷ£Ӧѧҽڼٻ˹ѧԺ
ġܳʦƺţĳǻ㣬ǻˣܱʰܱʣ

googleҳٵĽԺһˣǸٵġ
ѧ⻪ѧԺԺ֪ηʥκţʵ̫ǫˡ
ѧ⻪ѧԺԺΪάӭġ䳣᪡Ϳƽûһ
ᵽ١2004.10.31

ĳӣǮȻԼˣǷĳ
֮ͨgoogleͲѯ֣⻪ѧԺԺ⻷ĳ
Ҳ޴צˣʵĳ뻢Ѩһ̽ãƣգ
ЦЦ

(XYS20041102)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.freedns.us)

˴ա

ѧԺҳΪʡЭϯʵʡЭ
ϯΪʵǡС˵ࣩۡ

ᵱ һɽС
ڱչ߽ѧи


ʡЭϯС˵ۡ࣬ۼ

    ǰڱˡҡĹڣⲻԴ·ƣ
ѧԺĻԻҵҲԴڴ߽ԣ
Ҫңѧ!־书ȥѧԺ
ΪҲΪδйУ̳Ϊ
ѳɳйͷΪ޵йĹʾ͵͡

ǣҲɵĽڡ롱ѧ
ͣȴΪƫһһδ˼;ð¡ڱ
ѧЭ2000ѧϣΪչߵȽٽ
ı棬ԶڱҡںͲΣһµ
µʶ

ΪֹڱȻһԺһҵߣһʵҡ
˼롢Ұ֪ѾԶԶʵҵķ룬
뵽߲εġרҵġ̬ģӶҲ˽ѧҵƷλʵ
ұضǳɹߣɹߵĳɹżȻĻڷǷĸƷʣ
ŵ֯һʵԳԽģʶھ
ͣͣھ飬Ҳھ顣ٺ˥ʵҵľޣ
ҲǵıȻǴӶڱȴɾͣɽ
ʵսԼңɹ˼ҵķʽķԴӶڱ
һ֮

ȣǽսԼҵĸ߶ȡڡ桱ĵһ֣ڱо˵ĸ
Ⱥͼ⣺һӹͶ󿪷ľ󿪷˼·
ȻԴĿ֪ʶԴĿǴ״ָ֪ʶԴĿ
ӦȻԴĿ֪ʶԴĿֲ߶·ӣ
ȸ˳ȸҪʺΡáĻ״·ӣ
ͻԼԴԴĿܵң
߹У˸УУͷ㶦ս˼롣ֻˣ
Ϊ֪ʶԴĿ͸ְ˲ŵĴռΪ˲Դʵ
ȫߺԴĴȫߵĻʵߡչŵĿԽʽ
չԽʽչǶڱչսԵһҪ˼롣

Σǽ˼ҵ̡ƪ桱УڱԵǰΪ
עĽȵ⣬Լ̹ʵĿЧ
磬ΪȨңͶֵֺ߲족Ĺ涨ӡһ
ƽ˽ͶߵͶ飬ʹҵй
Ͷηǰڽ깫ѧĴģС
Ϊ׸룬̹ȻǱΪԭ۵ǡ
չߵȽ߹ΪԵԸྶͥ
ĩ֮СӴҲĹУ䱾ĸӰֵע
⡣˵ȵȣ˵ĵ˵ʶûʶĵ
³ƻ֮٣ֻʶԶĵǿѧĽ֮١

ھʶȻڱ˼۹⣬Լ
еĵλֵĴΪǡǷˡ
ʵл۵ľϰõǻۣѾʴҵĸ߾
ĸ߾硣ᵱһɽСһĽҵľ
Ҳ˼롢۵ܡ

(XYS20041102)

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ķ顪ɿԹֲᡷ

xiangj

ϲɡܲȷMichael R. LyuġɿԹֲᡷ
ӹҵ磬973µ1棬ǰڹģٳ˵ù
һ㣬ܶطƨͨûа취ͼҵԭӢİ棬֮²Ż
Ȼԭԭ⣬ַֻˮƽ̫ֻ򲻸Σѧ͵
ǰԼλߡǫ顱дһܸߵ
߻У߶һѶȣ֮ԭҲǶߣ͸ĵ
ͳһ鷳Ͳ֮һڡָȴ
⣬ܶרҵҲ8ѵҲǼߵԵʣǸ
ֻûģһǮ

Ȿͬ־ϿӽѣѾ˷ǵӣܱȼ
ǵǻۺ֪ʶáҪԭɣֻ;

£

1)ԭ570ҳ14.3һ£
Important crieria for judging suitability of a fault-tolerance scheme 
are the processing overhead required to implement fault tolerance, 
nature of the error detection mechanism, whether correctness of the 
result is determined in an absolute or relative manner (e.g., with 
respect to specifications, or another version), whether ......

ᣩ£

һݴӦҪǰᵽҪʵݴ⼼ɵ
ܽȷͨԵĻԵķʽģ磺˵
һ汾Ҳ......

ŵķҲ֪ڡwhetherǰһܡͺüҲܡ
Ҷ˺üҲûзԭơregardless ofĴ,ȫԭ
˼ǰѡwith respect to sepcificationsˡ˵
ֻ˵IYOU!

2)ԭ576ҳ14.3.3иʽ£

Let P{} denote probability. Then
P{version(i) fails | version(j) fails} =/= P{version(i) fails} means 
that the conditional probability that version i fails given that 
version j has failed is different from the probability that version i, 
considered on its own, fails on the same inputs.

һ򵥵ʹʽȤط£384ҳͬһϣ

汾iͰ汾jʧܵĻʣ䱾ͬһʧܵİ汾iʧ
ʲͬ

ֻ˵ţʱ˻ʣҽ͵ùƨ֪ͨ
ߴѧҵûУҼǵʱƾӦ֪İ

Ҫָǣȫ飨ÿһ£ÿһҳÿһζ
Σķ룬öֻ˵ţЩɰǣ
޻˵

ѧʵ˾ˮƽģ

(XYS20041102)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.freedns.us)

̸ŹڼԾ

ߣ˹

ȸлԾĶһЩĳ塣ǣšʿʦм
仰Ҫ˵

һƺŵεģԴžһ˸ģ
ôСֿԴֻϵģԷġǰ˵
조Ż֮ɣڼ߻Ǳ˸ġһ
ζԴ⣬ȻܣԷûʲôһֻ
ŽԼ

ڶŽڵҳûв鵽ҵĴȵһǸǸ
ѧҳŽϸ˵ǡpart-time professorӦ÷ɼְ
ɣû׼ҲԷɴ򹤽ڡ㲻֪ĵطһŽ
Ĵѧں㼸ںϼְڵѶȵж

Ծ˵Žµ⡣һ·ֹ˾ҳ
˾оͦӵġȤĿԿǵҳ
Researchǲųڹ˾ԭʹŽ޷鷢¡

(XYS20041102)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.freedns.us)

ҽѧѧλ

ţ

˿1030Ϸġ֡¡ǴĲʿ󣿡Ϲ
ҽѧѧλ

ҪһҽѧʿѧλͨҽרҵйЭҽƴ
ѧһǰꡣΪҽðҲвΪʡǮȶһ
õѧʿѧλټ졣ĺôǽʡѧӷã
֪ʶ棬֫ȷҽԱǵǳ
ʲô;ѧǱġ


Ҳ֪ϢǴģڹһҽƴѧȡҽѧѧ
λ־ͶһѧҽѧԺȻҶPhDΪʵ
ѧеҪM.D.еѾM.D. Ph.D. program˫ѧλѧ
˽ϣ³塣

֪ûνġҽרҵԡйЭҽƴ
ѧһǰꡣ˵޻̸֮ѧɱרҵ
һѧרҵ󣬲μMCATMedical College Admission Test
ԲܽҽѧԺʼM.D.ѧλģM.D.ҪꡣM.D.ܹ󣬡Ϊ
ҽðҲвΪʡǮȶһıõѧʿѧλټ
졣Ҳ֪˵ǴġЩ͵ѧǿѡ
M.D.Ph.D.˫ѧλM.D.ǮʡͬʱPh.D.ǰһ
꣨Ph.D.M.D.꣩

˵йҽѧѧλܶ˺ܲм֪ʵ¹ձ
йһƣҲڸֱҽѧԺҽѧѧλġ
ҲֱʿоȡùM.D.ѧλģһɿֱ
ӲμBoard certificateĿԣԴһϿٷҵ
M.D.ѧλϿɵģǴ˶֪й˵M.D.ô£
ƭ⡣ӸʵӦ˵õǡBachelor 
of MedicineҵĹѧλӢķô˵ģȻ
Ƥ񣬷Ҫ˵ԼM.D.Ҳ˹ܡ

(XYS20041102)

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ʧһ

AP

ʱϿˣԼ˼ҲǰԾ˺ܶࡣ˼
ȻɢҵĺɢԼضϵͳо㷺˼Ҳ
Լ֪ʶ͵£жϵһν顣ܶʱǶԵ
˼뷴˼ǲ뷢ԵģԼʧ̫ˣ˲Ҫ
ĵز

һֱΪͬרҵо˼նܹΪʶԼʶᡢ
ʶȻﵽһܹͬͨľܹͨʶڡ
ʧˡлءжС֪ǽƾԼľ
γЩ۵㣬רҵо˼Ӱ֮Щ۵㡱ʡ
Ҷ˹̹˵ġѧֻЩȫı׷ļ
͸ǲġȻָԴȪȷڽ̵ķ롣ͬʱ
Ļǿܵġ޷һĿѧ
ûͬΪڿѧҲҵ˶˵׷
ŬĽͣ˱˲ֵĹڽһʲӦͨĽ͡
Ȼܶ޷ﵽһˮƽܶܶνĴңν˼
ߣرǺܶйѾռйԴһЩߡҶԽһЩ
˵̸֮ڽԼܹȻʶ˵Ҫ
һЩǺ׵ġϣԼҪɢȥҲ
ʧΪ˼Լ˼һ;

̸ݸ˼롣Ѧӿڡʶ йݸݸ
ۣźܶ˶һݸ۵йְҵôܳɹ
ֻݸŻɹNBA˶֮ɹ
֮ɹԴ˲գй֮ʧܣй֮ʧܣûݸۣ
Ǻܶ˵Ŀ

Ҫʲôǲݸݸһִ֧˶ϣע
ȴǲݸΪҪأǺѷһɹĴ
ͳıĲչļƶȻ̵ķȡԼ
ʵıĵķȡֻԲݸۣκһֶͨ
۵ĲݸͿԳɹˣôּ򵥵ĲݸĨɱǰʾ
ȫ˼Υ

Ա˲ҹͬʶûиĲݸۣرǶԱ൱ͬ
ĻбȽʱĲԽ顣ûǸݸȷһ
ݸͬʱһݸӦġɡڲݸֻ˵һ
˼ȫ˳ϽȥҲ˵ԭᡰҲ
ԣҪȫ˼

غַһƪ¡ȼģۿб
ѵȼΪһ糵һ֪Ҳֻһѧ
ΪһȡùڵĹˡȼǲԣȫ񶨵ȼת
ΪظظļϵᲢΪṩʶҲǲԵģ
ӵȼƶȸǲԣ߼ϵġٷΪ⽨
ƶȶĹ۵ͬڴǰȼҲֻս糵
෽ֺáѵǾҪڽȫƲƽȵ񻰹ǰ
ǰŤԼԲŤ˵
ì޶ޣӦ׷дһЩ

ҹעлһע⵽һ󣬺ܶ˻
ûע⵽˶ƶȵŤбֳ
ԵĳªǺܶô˵£ҿԿܶ˵ε
ʶ˵˵ĳ㡣лصѧ˸ûʲô
ģ㲻רעԼרҵѵڿȥӵһբھһ⡣
ԼԼŤˡڲһЩרҵ֮ͬʱ
һЩѾͨߵȽȡóɾ͵Ĵӿлˣǲ
֮ûȳǴԵĻżȻһĳɾͣǱûж
Խз˼ǹʧҳʹõĹʧĴº
Դ뾫ĶǰȨ֪ʶƶȡ֮ʧȥ˶
ĹջĳԭƷԲȫɵķ緽ӵĴ
ټѾﵽȨĲΣѧ֮ûдܶԼǰȨû
ȷԤʶθƫĿ̫ԶпԺѡο⣬
Ϊ˿ܵѹܿܵһΪһ
ҡӼ˿ܾûܸˡɵģϣ
Ҳܴе

صҿѾǳòˣڻһ
ǰ˵Ǹѥɦһԡб߿ƶԱʡû
ǰԼĶİٱó˵£дҲܹ
ϧҳͬθ֮⣬ͬ˵˵ƶȿ
ƶȱЧĹػҶ֪ȴһй
µξðҪΡĽۡҲϵǰξðкܶ
ĶǴӿлпô۸Ҿȡκһ
밲ſ϶䲻õĵطţҪţǵ֮ǰȴҪ
ͷǲΪҪͷ˵Ųã˵ⶫŵĸԴֻ
ҪҲҪͷ뼷һͷžˣҿܸϣ
ʿһ㣬ñŵعŶȥɡκһƶȿܾһţ
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ξðȡôڣһ˼ߣѧĴѧ
ԺѧԺĸһ˼Զһڵĵλֽ
˼йѧ淶ġƶȽǳҪĹػ֮µ
ȽҲ˵κһƶԹػ
֮¶ܹɹֻкõƶõԹػʵĿ꣬
ƶʱƶȸøˣҲƶ֮ƫˣ
ʧ

˵ôĴʣҪԴ͡и
γɵĵĲͬļֵۣʽ֪ˮƽ׶εȡ
֮У˱ΪԼѰһȷ׷һҵͬʱΪ
סǸ߲εϣĿܾרעԼҵ˼
ԺԼҵ˼Ȼҵ˼ҲǱ仯ġ
仯ҪнСź˵ضһЩʵҲ
ˣҲԵš緽ӵѧ٣ûɲǵ
᲻šע⵽˴ҶʶȱҲ
Ĺػһ棬ҵðѸϵӺ۳Ӹҳ
Ҫԭҳԭ򣬻߰Ѹֿܵԭҳֱ֮һ°ɡ

ΪʲôڵǰĴʵйĴѾôΣˣΣ
һЩҸĽɡûкܴϰǰ¶
һЩҲһ̽Ļᣬûٵ̽¶Σʮ
ϾҸԸΪ˼жѹжҲ
Ȼָڲ֮̽ϡ

½˻Τ۰ѧְҵִ˵ʹΤ˼
˵ģǲֻҪʱע⵽Τĳ·Τ
ĳ·࣬ȥҲס˵˺ѧ˱ѧ롮
˹ͬ塯ֵּȤͷաѧ˱εһΪͬ嵣
κڿѧоУʵһһ
Լĸѡ񣬲ҪʹԼоΪõĹ棬ӦʹΪ
ĹߣKampfmittel˺ѧ˱ѧ롮Ļ˹ͬ塯
ּȤͷգΪͬ嵣ΤڽԼĹʱسȥ
ÿ˻ŶʶʶذԼĶĶ֮Ҫ
ķ˼ͬΤָĳ·˼еĳ·ܱΤ
ҪһЩһЩ

̸һ̸־ɡҶ˽⣬Ҷǲ죬
ûʾ귨ѵƷԣʿƷԶһЩ߿ҲΪ
ʾġԽǶ˸񵣱ûЧģ
ǶʦĳЩ¼ĵĻĵǿ⣬Ȼ
˲ʦݡȻҲûдﵽʶ߶ȣֻçײ³Ϊ
Խʱڹʾ־Ҳ
ֻͬһõƾһǻǿҵìܵļꡣû
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